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CAFFEINE - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview:
Caffeine is a stimulant and is safe in small doses
Large doses of caffeine can cause unpleasant side effects
... |
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DefinitionCaffeine is a drug that stimulates the central nervous system.PurposeCaffeine makes people more alert, less drowsy, and improves coordination. Combined with certain pain relievers or medicines for treating migraine headache, caffeine makes those ... |
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DefinitionCalcium channel blockers are medicines that slow the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. This, in turn, relaxes blood vessels, increases the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, and reduces the heart's workload... |
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CALF MUSCLE INJURIES - a patient's guide
Dr Ruth Highet - Sports Physician
What are calf muscle injuries?
"Doc, it just felt as though someone kicked me in the back
... |
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CAMPYLOBACTER - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview:
Campylobacter is a bacteria which causes food poisoning
It is t... |
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DefinitionCampylobacteriosis refers to infection by the group of bacteria known as Campylobacter. The term comes from the Greek word meaning "curved rod" referring to the bacteria's curved shape. The most common disease caused by these organisms is diarrhe... |
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DefinitionDefinitive cancer therapy is a treatment plan designed to potentially cure cancer using one or a combination of interventions including surgery, radiation, chemical agents, or biological therapies.PurposeThe primary purpose of definitive care is ... |
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DefinitionPalliative cancer therapy is treatment specifically directed to help improve the symptoms associated with terminal cancer.PurposePalliative care is directed to improving symptoms associated with incurable cancer. Care can include surgery, radiati... |
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BOWEL CANCER - a patient's guide
Dr Ross Roberts - Surgeon
Overview
Cancer of the colon (large bowel) or rectum usually begins as a small
non-cancerous growth called a polyp. This polyp may then undergo changes... |
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BRAIN TUMOURS - A patient's guide
Dr Deon Louw Neurosurgeon
Overview
Brain tumours are usually classified as primary or secondary
tumours. Prim... |
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BREAST CANCER - a patient's guide
Dr Paula Weadon - Family Doctor
Overview
Women have a one in 12 chance of getting breast cancer.
Major risk factors include being over 40, a previous breast cancer, and
a ... |
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OVARIAN CANCER - a patient's guide
Dr Michelle Vaughan - Medical Oncologist
WHAT IS IT?
Ovarian cancer is not a common cancer, accounting for
... |
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PANCREATIC CANCER - information guide for patients
Editorial Team
John Hopkins- Pancreatic cancer page
www.path.jhu.edu/pancreas
National Institutes of health- pancre... |
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PROSTATE CANCER - a patient's guide
Dr Michael Mackey - Urologist
Overview
Prostate cancer affects about 10 percent of men
The incidence of pr... |
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MELANOMA - a patient's guide
Dr Stephen Helander - Dermatologist
MELANOMA SKIN CANCER:
Although melanoma is only one of the cancers that affect the skin, it
is the most important. The other two are Squamous Cel... |
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NON-MELANOMA SKIN CANCER - a patient's guide
Dr Stephen Helander - Dermatologist
INTRODUCTION:
Because the spotlight of attention for skin cancer is
... |
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TESTICULAR CANCER - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Testicular cancer is a rare disease but it is one of the
most common cancers a... |
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UNDERSTANDING CANCER - a patient's guide
New Zealand Cancer Society
What is cancer?
Cancer is not one, but many different diseases. What all
... |
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DefinitionCandidiasis is an infection caused by a species of the yeast Candida, usually Candida albicans. This is a common cause of vaginal infections in women. Also, Candida may cause mouth infections in people with reduced immune function, or in patients... |
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DefinitionCanker sores are small sores or ulcers that appear inside the mouth. They are painful, self-healing, and can recur.DescriptionCanker sores occur on the inside of the mouth, usually on the inside of the lips, cheeks, and/or soft palate. They can a... |
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MARIJUANA (CANNABIS) - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Marijuana is the most common illegal drug used in many countries.
One in three peo... |
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DefinitionCarbohydrate intolerance is the inability of the body to completely process the nutrient carbohydrate (a classification that includes sugars and starches) into a source of energy for the body, usually because of the deficiency of an enzyme needed... |
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DefinitionCarbon monoxide (CO) poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide gas is inhaled. CO is a colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas that is produced by incomplete combustion. It is found in automobile exhaust fumes, faulty stoves and heating systems, fi... |
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DefinitionThe carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test is a laboratory blood study. CEA is a substance which is normally found only during fetal development, but may reappear in adults who develop certain types of cancer.PurposeThe CEA test is ordered for patie... |
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DefinitionA cardiac blood pool scan is a non-invasive test that uses a mildly radioactive marker to observe the functioning of the left ventricle of the heart.PurposeThe left ventricle is the main pump for distributing blood through the body. A cardiac blo... |
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DefinitionCardiac catheterization (also called heart catheterization) is a diagnostic procedure which does a comprehensive examination of how the heart and its blood vessels function. One or more catheters is inserted through a peripheral blood vessel in t... |
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DefinitionCardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive exercise, education, and behavioral modification program designed to improve the physical and emotional condition of patients with heart disease.PurposeHeart attack survivors, bypass and angioplasty patie... |
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DefinitionCardiac tamponade occurs when the heart is squeezed by fluid that collects inside the sac that surrounds it.DescriptionThe heart is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium. When this sac becomes filled with fluid, the liquid presses on the hea... |
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DefinitionCardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).PurposeCPR is performed to restore an... |
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DefinitionCardioversion refers to the process of restoring the heart's normal rhythm by applying a controlled electric shock to the exterior of the chest.PurposeWhen the heart beats too fast, blood no longer circulates effectively in the body. Cardioversio... |
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CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY - a patient's guide
Dr Edic Stephanian - Vascular Surgeon
What is it?
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure performed
... |
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DefinitionCarotid sinus massage involves rubbing the large part of the arterial wall at the point where the common carotid artery, located in the neck, divides into its two main branches.PurposeSinus, in this case, means an area in a blood vessel that is b... |
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CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - a patient's guide
Dr John Tonkin - Orthopaedic Hand Surgeon
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which pre... |
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DefinitionCarpal tunnel syndrome is a disorder caused by compression at the wrist of the median nerve supplying the hand, causing numbness and tingling.DescriptionThe carpal tunnel is an area in the wrist where the bones and ligaments create a small passag... |
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DefinitionCat-scratch disease is an uncommon infection that typically results from a cat's scratch or bite. Most sufferers experience only moderate discomfort and find that their symptoms clear up without any lasting harm after a few weeks or months. Profe... |
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DefinitionCataract surgery is a procedure performed to remove a cloudy lens from the eye; usually an intraocular lens is implanted at the same time.PurposeThe purpose of cataract surgery is to restore clear vision. It is indicated when cloudy vision due to... |
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CATARACTS - a patient's guide
Dr Peter Ring - Eye Surgeon
What is a cataract?
The human eye is not dissimilar to an ordinary camera with
which ... |
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DefinitionA cataract is a cloudiness or opacity in the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye. This cloudiness can cause a decrease in vision and may lead to eventual blindness.DescriptionThe human eye has several parts. The outer layer of the ey... |
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DefinitionCatatonia is a condition marked by changes in muscle tone or activity associated with a large number of serious mental and physical illnesses. There are two distinct sets of symptoms that are characteristic of this condition. In catatonic stupor ... |
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DefinitionCatecholamines is a collective term for the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Manufactured chiefly by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal glands, these hormones are involved in readying the body for the "fight-or-flight" respons... |
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DefinitionCatheter ablation of an irregular heartbeat involves having a tube (a catheter) inserted into the heart through which electrical energy is sent to either reset the heartbeat or stop the heart from beating so a mechanical pacemaker can be put in p... |
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CECLOR - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Drug name: cefaclor
Use: antibiotic - broad spectrum cephalosporin
This medicine belongs to an antibiotic group known as ceph... |
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CELEBREX - a patient's guide
Natalie Gauld - Pharmacy Educator
Brand: Celebrex, contains celecoxib
Use: Anti-inflammatory
Celebrex is used to red... |
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DefinitionCeliac disease is a disease of the digestive system that damages the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food.DescriptionCeliac disease occurs when the body reacts abnormally to gluten, a protein found in wheat, r... |
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DefinitionCell therapy is the transplantation of human or animal cells to replace or repair damaged tissue and/or cells.PurposeCell therapy has been used successfully to rebuild damaged cartilage in joints, repair spinal cord injuries, strengthen a weakene... |
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DefinitionCellulitis is a spreading bacterial infection just below the skin surface. It is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus.DescriptionThe word "cellulitis" actually means "inflammation of the cells." Specifically, ce... |
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DefinitionCentral nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that can be used to slow down brain activity.PurposeCNS depressants may be prescribed by a physician to treat anxiety, muscle tension, pain, insomnia, acute stress reactions, panic attacks, and s... |
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DefinitionThe central nervous system, or CNS, comprises the brain, the spinal cord, and associated membranes. Under some circumstances, bacteria may enter areas of the CNS. If this occurs, abscesses or empyemas may be established.DescriptionIn general, the... |
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DefinitionCephalosporins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth.PurposeCephalosporins are used to treat infections in different parts of the body--the ears, nose, throat, lungs, sinuses, and skin, for example. Physicians may prescribe the... |
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DefinitionCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is also known as congophilic angiopathy or cerebrovascular amyloidosis. It is a disease of small blood vessels in the brain in which deposits of amyloid protein in the vessel walls may lead to stroke, brain hemor... |
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DefinitionA cerebral aneurysm occurs at a weak point in the wall of a blood vessel (artery) that supplies blood to the brain. Because of the flaw, the artery wall bulges outward and fills with blood. This bulge is called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can ruptur... |
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DefinitionCerebral palsy (CP) is the term used for a group of nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture caused by abnormal development of, or damage to, motor control centers of the brain. CP is caused by events before, during, or after birth. The a... |
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DefinitionCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a laboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is a clear, watery liquid that protects the central nervous system from injury and cushions it from the sur... |
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DefinitionCerumen impaction is a condition in which earwax has become tightly packed in the external ear canal to the point that the canal is blocked.DescriptionCerumen impaction develops when earwax accumulates in the inner part of the ear canal and block... |
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ABNORMAL CERVICAL SMEARS - a patient's guide
Dr Barry Lowe - Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
Overview
Cervical screening... |
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THIN PREP CERVICAL SMEAR TESTS - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
What is it?
The Thin Prep cervical smear test is a new development
in pap ... |
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CERVICAL SMEARS - a patient's guide
Dr Barry Lowe - Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
Overview:
Cervical smears are used to identify abnormal changes in
... |
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DefinitionCervical conization is both a diagnostic and treatment tool used to detect and treat abnormalities of the cervix. It is also known as a cone biopsy or cold knife cone biopsy.PurposeCervical conization is performed if the results of a cervical bio... |
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DefinitionCervical disk disease refers to a gradual deterioration of the spongy disks in the top part of the spine.DescriptionThe spine is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae separated by spongy rings of elastic material. These rings, known as disks, are ... |
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DefinitionCervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix.DescriptionCervicitis is a inflammation of the cervix (the opening into the uterus). This inflammation can be chronic and may or may not have an identified cause.Causes and symptomsThe most common cause... |
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DefinitionA cesarean section is a surgical procedure in which incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver her baby.PurposeCesarean sections, also called c-sections, are performed whenever abnormal conditions complicate labor and vagi... |
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DefinitionChancroid is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial infection that is characterized by painful sores on the genitals.DescriptionChancroid is an infection of the genitals that is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. Chancroid... |
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DefinitionActivated charcoal is a fine, black, odorless, and tasteless powder. It is made from wood or other materials that have been exposed to very high temperatures in an airless environment. It is then treated, or activated, to increase its ability to ... |
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DefinitionCharcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) is the name of a group of inherited disorders of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body that communicate motor and sensory information to and from the spinal cord) causing weaknes... |
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DefinitionChemonucleolysis is a medical procedure that involves the dissolving of the gelatinous cushioning material in an intervertebral disk by the injection of an enzyme such as chymopapain.PurposeBetween each vertebra lies a disk of cushioning material... |
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DefinitionChemotherapy is treatment of cancer with anticancer drugs.PurposeThe main purpose of chemotherapy is to kill cancer cells. It usually is used to treat patients with cancer that has spread from the place in the body where it started (metastasized)... |
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DefinitionChest drainage therapy involves the removal of air, blood, pus, or other secretions from the chest cavity.PurposeChest drainage therapy is done to relieve pressure on the lungs, and remove fluid that could promote infection. Installing a chest dr... |
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DefinitionChest physical therapy is the term for a group of treatments designed to improve respiratory efficiency, promote expansion of the lungs, strengthen respiratory muscles, and eliminate secretions from the respiratory system.PurposeThe purpose of ch... |
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DefinitionA chest x ray is a procedure used to evaluate organs and structures within the chest for symptoms of disease. Chest x rays include views of the lungs, heart, small portions of the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid gland and the bones of the chest a... |
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CHICKENPOX - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview:
Chickenpox is highly contagious and 90 percent of children
will get it
... |
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CHILBLAINS-A Patient's Guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Chilblains are painful inflammations, usually on the toes,
caused by poor circulation and ... |
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CHILD ABUSE
New Zealand Child, Youth and Family Service
What is child abuse?
Child abuse is not just sexual abuse. Children may be abused
physi... |
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CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE HELP
Doctors For Sexual Abuse Care (DSAC)
What is child sexual abuse or assault?
Sexual abuse, assault and rape all involve an older person
... |
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CHILD ACCIDENT PREVENTION - a parent's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Childhood injuries mostly occur at home, on the roads or during play.
Fal... |
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DefinitionChild abuse is the blanket term for four types of child mistreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. In many cases children are the victims of more than one type of abuse. The abusers can be parents or other family me... |
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DefinitionChildbirth includes both labor (the process of birth) and delivery (the birth itself); it refers to the entire process as an infant makes its way from the womb down the birth canal to the outside world.DescriptionChildbirth usually begins spontan... |
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Asthma in Childhood - a patient's guide
Dr Jan Sinclair -Paediatrician
Asthma is one of the commonest chronic medical conditions
to affect children in New Zealan... |
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CHILDHOOD FOOD ALLERGIES - a parent's guide
Vicki Martin - Dietitian
What is a food allergy?
Food allergy is the result of an immune reaction by the
body to normall... |
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CHLAMYDIA - a patient's guide
Dr Nicola Marris - Family Doctor
Overview
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease
It can cause no symptoms
... |
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DefinitionChlamydial pneumonia refers to one of several types of pneumonia that can be caused by various types of the bacteria known as Chlamydia.DescriptionPneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The air sacs (alveoli) and/or the tissues of the lungs beco... |
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DefinitionChoking is the inability to breathe because the trachea is blocked, constricted, or swollen shut.DescriptionChoking is a medical emergency. When a person is choking, air cannot reach the lungs. If the airways cannot be cleared, death follows rapi... |
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DefinitionThe term cholangitis means inflammation of the bile ducts. The term applies to inflammation of any portion of the bile ducts, which carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and intestine. The inflammation is produced by bacterial infection or... |
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DefinitionA cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The two basic types of this procedure are open cholecystectomy and the laparoscopic approach. It is estimated that the laparoscopic procedure is currently used for approximately 80% of... |
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LAPAROSCOPIC GALLBLADDER SURGERY - a patient's guide
Dr Ross Roberts - Surgeon, The Oxford Clinic
Overview
Gallstones are very common in most... |
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DefinitionCholecystitis refers to a painful inflammation of the gallbladder's wall. The disorder can occur a single time (acute), or can recur multiple times (chronic).DescriptionThe gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ in the upper right hand corner ... |
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DefinitionCholera is an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea that is caused by the bacterium Vibro cholerae. Cholera is spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. Although cholera was a public health problem in the Un... |
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DefinitionCholestasis is a condition caused by rapidly developing (acute) or long-term (chronic) interruption in the excretion of bile (a digestive fluid that helps the body process fat). The term is taken from the Greek chole, bile, and stasis, standing s... |
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A FEW TIPS FOR LOWERING CHOLESTEROL
Vicki Martin - Dietitian
What is cholesterol?
A white waxy substance normally found in all healthy cell
membranes and necessary ... |
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AN OVERVIEW OF CHOLESTEROL - a patient's guide
Dr Guy Armstrong - Cardiologist
What is Cholesterol?
Normal
Cholesterol is a type of fat (or lip... |
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DefinitionCholesterol-reducing drugs are medicines that lower the amount of cholesterol (a fat-like substance) in the blood.PurposeCholesterol is a chemical that can both benefit and harm the body. On the good side, cholesterol plays important roles in the... |
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DefinitionCholinergic drugs are medications that produce the same effects as the parasympathetic nervous system.PurposeCholinergic drugs produce the same effects as acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the most common neurohormone of the parasympathetic nervous... |
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DefinitionA choriocarcinoma is type of cancer germ cell containing trophoblast cells.DescriptionChoriocarcinomas are cancers that develop from germ cells, cells that ordinarily turn into sperm or eggs. Choriocarcinomas resemble the cells that surround an e... |
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CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING (CVS) - a patient's guide
Dr Richard Fisher - Fertility Associates
What are chorionic villi?
Chorionic villi are part of the developing pla... |
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DefinitionChorionic villus sampling (CVS), also known as chorionic villus biopsy, is a prenatal test that can detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities of an unborn baby.PurposeChorionic villus sampling is performed on pregnant women who are at risk for... |
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CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA - a patient's guide
Dr Jeff Garrett - Chest Specialist
Overview
If your doctor has diagnosed either chronic bronchitis
... |
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CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a condition characterised by ongoing fatigue.
It i... |
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Definition
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also called Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is not simply one or a few episodes of daytime sleepiness. Rather, CFS is a complex, debilitating illness consisting of a severe, persistent lac... |
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DefinitionChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder in which white blood cells lose their ability to destroy certain bacteria and fungi.DescriptionCGD is an X-linked genetic disease, meaning the defective gene is carried on the X chromos... |
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CIRCUMCISION - a patient's guide
Dr Gerald Young - Family Doctor
Introduction
Circumcision is a subject that is somewhat like religion
or pol... |
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DefinitionThe surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis or prepuce.PurposeIn the United States, circumcision in infant boys is performed for social, medical, or cultural/religious reasons. Once a routine operation urged by pediatricians and obstetricia... |
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CIRRHOSIS - A Patient's Guide
Dr Geoff Green - Physician
What is it?
Cirrhosis is a liver condition characterized by scar formation
in the li... |
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DefinitionCirrhosis is a chronic degenerative disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue.DescriptionCirrhosis changes the structure of the liver and the blood vessels that nourish it. The disease reduces the liver'... |
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CLEFT LIP AND PALATE - a parent's guide
Dr Tristan de Chalain - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
INTRODUCTION
The cleft deformities, cleft lip, cleft lip and palate,
... |
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DefinitionA cleft is a birth defect that occurs when the tissues of the lip and/or palate of the fetus do not fuse very early in pregnancy. A cleft lip, sometimes referred to as a harelip, is an opening in the upper lip that can extend into the base of the... |
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DefinitionA clenched fist injury (CFI) is a bite wound on the hand, caused when a person's closed fist strikes the teeth of another person, usually in the course of a fight. CFIs are sometimes referred to as closed fist injuries or fight bites.DescriptionC... |
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DefinitionClubfoot is a condition in which one or both feet are twisted into an abnormal position at birth. The condition is also known as talipes.DescriptionTrue clubfoot is characterized by abnormal bone formation in the foot. There are four variations o... |
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DefinitionCluster headaches are characterized by an intense one-sided pain centered by the eye or temple. The pain lasts for one to two hours on average and may recur several times in a day.DescriptionCluster headaches have been known as histamine headache... |
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CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA - a patient's guide
Dr Jeff Garrett - Chest Specialist
Overview
If your doctor has diagnosed either chronic bronchitis
... |
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DefinitionCoagulation disorders deal with disruption of the body's ability to control blood clotting. The most commonly known coagulation disorder is hemophilia, a condition in which patients bleed for long periods of time before clotting. There are other ... |
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DefinitionA defect that develops in the fetus in which there is a narrowing of the aortic arch, the main blood artery that delivers blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body. Coarctation of the aorta is diagnosed in both newborns a... |
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DefinitionCoccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by inhaling the microscopic spores of the fungus Coccidioides immitis. Spores are the tiny, thick-walled structures that fungi use to reproduce. Coccidioidomycosis exists in three forms. The acute form pr... |
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DefinitionThe coccyx-or tailbone-is the last bone of the vertebral column, and usually consists of three to five fused vertebrae that connect with the sacrum, a part of the pelvis.DescriptionThe coccyx consists of fused vertebrae, which are not flexible li... |
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DefinitionA cochlear implant is a surgical treatment for hearing loss that works like an artificial human cochlea in the inner ear, helping to send sound from the ear to the brain. It is different from a hearing aid, which simply amplifies sound.PurposeA c... |
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COELIAC DISEASE - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Coeliac disease is an inflammatory disease of the small bowel triggered
by sensitivity... |
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COLD SORES - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Cold Sores (Oral Herpes) Overview:
Cold sores are caused by a form of herpes virus (type 1).
They form small blisters on the lips, mainly ... |
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DefinitionThe cold agglutinins test is performed to detect the presence of antibodies in blood that are sensitive to temperature changes. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific disease agents; autoantibodies are antib... |
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DefinitionA cold sore is a fluid-filled blister which usually appears at the edge of the lips. Cold sores are caused by a herpes simplex virus infection.DescriptionA cold sore is a fluid-filled, painful blister that is usually on or around the lips. Other ... |
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DefinitionColic is persistent, unexplained crying in a healthy baby between two weeks and five months of age.DescriptionColic, which is not a disease, affects 10-20% of all infants. It is more common in boys than in girls and most common in a family's firs... |
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INFANT COLIC - a parent's guide
Dr Peter Nobbs - Paediatrician
What is colic?
Colic is frequently used in the sense of being a diagnosis
but ... |
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COLLAGEN
LIP INJECTION
Collagen
is the industry-leader in injectable lip enhancement & lip augmentation.
Collagen lip injection is a non-surgical cosmetic procedure that can add
significant volume to the l... |
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