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H2 ANTAGONISTS - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
TYPE/ BRAND NAME:
Cimetidine: Apo-Cimetidine, Duomet, Tagamet
Famotidine: Apo-Famotidine, F... |
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HAEMOCHROMATOSIS - a patient's guide
Dr Hilary Blacklock - Haematologist, Mercy Specialist Centre
What is it?
Haemochromatosis is a genetic d... |
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HAEMATURIA - a patient's guide
Dr Michael Mackey - Urologist
Overview
Haematuria is the presence of blood in urine
Urine tests are used to con... |
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HAEMOPHILIA - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
OVERVIEW
Haemophilia is a lifelong blood clotting disorder, able
to be managed with treatment... |
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HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B VACCINE - a patient's
guide
Editorial Team
Overview
The Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib vaccine) protects
... |
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HAEMORRHOIDS - a patient's guide
Dr Ross Roberts - Surgeon, The Oxford Clinic
What are haemorrhoids?
The anus is lined by spongy tissue which acts as a cushion
... |
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LASER
HAIR REMOVAL
Laser hair
removal is designed to permanently remove unwanted body hair by using
the light energy from a laser.
Unwanted
hair is a common problem in women and men. Shaving, waxing, an... |
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DefinitionHair transplantation is a surgical procedure used to treat baldness or hair loss. Typically, tiny patches of scalp are removed from the back and sides of the head and implanted in the bald spots in the front and top of the head.PurposeHair transp... |
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BAD BREATH (HALITOSIS) - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Bad breath is also known as halitosis
Some degree of bad breath is common in most people at various... |
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DefinitionHallucinations are false or distorted sensory experiences that appear to be real perceptions. These sensory impressions are generated by the mind rather than by any external stimuli, and may be seen, heard, felt, and even smelled or tasted.Descri... |
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DefinitionHammertoe is a condition in which the toe is bent in a claw-like position. It can be present in more than one toe but is most common in the second toe.DescriptionHammertoe is described as a deformity in which the toes bend downward with the toe j... |
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DefinitionHand-foot-and-mouth disease is an infection of young children in which characteristic fluid-filled blisters appear on the hands, feet, and inside the mouth.DescriptionCoxsackie viruses belong to a family of viruses called enteroviruses. These vir... |
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DefinitionHantavirus infection is caused by a group of viruses that can infect humans with two serious illnesses: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).DescriptionHantaviruses are found without causing sympto... |
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DefinitionThis test is done to help evaluate a person for hemolytic anemia.PurposeHaptoglobin is a blood protein made by the liver. The haptoglobin levels decrease in hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemias include a variety of conditions that result in hemoly... |
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DefinitionHartnup disease is an inherited nutritional disorder with primary symptoms including a red, scaly rash and sensitivity to sunlight.DescriptionHartnup disease was first identified in the 1950s in the Hartnup family in London. A defect in intestine... |
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HAYFEVER - a patient's guide
Dr Crump - Allergy Specialist
Overview
Hayfever (seasonal allergic rhinitis) is inflammation of the nasal lining.
Hayfev... |
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MILD HEAD INJURY (CONCUSSION) - a patient's guide
New Zealand Neurological Foundation
What is concussion?
We all know the typical story of someone who gets concusse... |
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REHABILITATION AFTER HEAD INJURY - a guide for families
and carers
New Zealand Neurological Foundation
Recovery
Recovery begins when the pat... |
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SEVERE HEAD INJURY - a guide for families and friends
New Zealand Neurological Foundation
The Accident
Acceleration Injury
... |
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DefinitionThe term head and neck cancers refers to a group of cancers found in the head and neck region. This includes tumors found in:The oral cavity (mouth). The lips, the tongue, the teeth, the gums, the lining inside the lips and cheeks, the floor of t... |
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DefinitionInjury to the head may damage the scalp, skull or brain. The most important consequence of head trauma is traumatic brain injury. Head injury may occur either as a closed head injury, such as the head hitting a car's windshield, or as a penetrati... |
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DefinitionA headache involves pain in the head which can arise from many disorders or may be a disorder in and of itself.DescriptionThere are three types of primary headaches: tension-type (muscular contraction headache), migraine (vascular headaches), and... |
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MIGRAINE HEADACHE - a patient's guide
Drs John Carter and Catherine Cearns - Family Doctors
About migraine
A migraine headache is a severe head pain, often unilatera... |
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TENSION HEADACHE - a patient's guide
Dr Logan Mclennan - Family Doctor
What is it?
Tension headache is the name given to a headache which
usu... |
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HEADLICE - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Headlice have been increasing since the 1970s.
They mainly affect school-age children.
... |
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HEARING AIDS - a patient's guide
Ngaire Kay - Audiologist, Dilworth Audiology
What is hearing loss?
Hearing loss becomes increasingly common as we age. It
... |
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CHILD HEARING CHECKLIST - a patient's guide
National Foundation for the Deaf
Introduction
Parents are most likely to be the ones who first notice
if their child has... |
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DefinitionA hearing aid is a device that can amplify sound waves in order to help a deaf or hard-of-hearing person hear sounds more clearly.PurposeRecent technology can help most people with hearing loss understand speech better and achieve better communic... |
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DefinitionHearing loss is any degree of impairment of the ability to apprehend sound.DescriptionSound can be measured accurately. The term decibel (dB) refers to an amount of energy moving sound from its source to our ears or to a microphone. A drop of mor... |
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DefinitionA tuning fork is a metal instrument with a handle and two prongs or tines. Tuning forks, made of steel, aluminum, or magnesium-alloy will vibrate at a set frequency to produce a musical tone when struck. The vibrations produced can be used to ass... |
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HEART ATTACK - a patient's guide
Dr Guy Armstrong - Cardiologist
What is a heart attack?
Other names: Myocardial infarction, (MI)
Normal
... |
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SECONDARY PREVENTION AFTER A HEART ATTACK - a patient's
guide
Dr Dion Martley - Family Doctor
This article considers treatment to prevent further heart
... |
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HEART BYPASS SURGERY - a patient's guide
Dr David Haydock - Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Surgeon
When is coronary artery bypass surgery necessary?
The heart is a ba... |
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PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN - an overview for
patients
Editorial Team
Several measures can be taken to reduce your risk of a
hear... |
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HEART FAILURE - a patient's guide
Dr Guy Armstrong - Cardiologist
What is heart failure?
Other names: Congestive heart failure
Normal
... |
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HEART MURMURS- a patient's guide
Dr Tracey Lambert
What is a heart murmur?
When your doctor listens to your heart with her stethoscope,
she ... |
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DefinitionHeart block refers to a delay in the normal flow of electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat. They are further classified as first-, second-, or third-degree block.DescriptionThe muscles of the heart contract in a rhythmic order for each ... |
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DefinitionHeart failure is a condition in which the heart has lost the ability to pump enough blood to the body's tissues. With too little blood being delivered, the organs and other tissues do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly.D... |
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DefinitionA heart murmur is an abnormal, extra sound during the heartbeat cycle made by blood moving through the heart and its valves. It is detected by the physician's examination using a stethoscope.DescriptionA heart which is beating normal makes two so... |
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DefinitionA variety of surgical procedures that are performed to repair the many types of heart defects that may be present at birth.PurposeHeart surgery for congenital defects is performed to repair a defect as much as possible and improve the flow of blo... |
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DefinitionHeart transplantation, also called cardiac transplantation, is the replacement of a patient's diseased or injured heart with a healthy donor heart.PurposeHeart transplantation is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or some other li... |
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DefinitionHeart valve repair is a surgical procedure used to correct a malfunctioning heart valve. Repair usually involves separating the valve leaflets (the one-way "doors" of the heart valve which open and close to pump blood through the heart) or forcin... |
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DefinitionHeart valve replacement is a surgical procedure during which surgeons remove a damaged valve from the heart and substitute a healthy one.PurposeFour valves direct blood to and from the body through the heart: the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve,... |
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HEARTBURN (REFLUX OESOPHAGITIS) - a patient's guide
Dr Cliff Tasman-Jones - Gastroenterologist
Introduction
Heartburn (reflux oesophagitis) is an inflammatio... |
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DefinitionHeartburn is a burning sensation in the chest that can extend to the neck, throat, and face; it is worsened by bending or lying down. It is the primary symptom of gastroesophageal reflux, which is the movement of stomach acid into the esophagus. ... |
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DefinitionHeat disorders are a group of physically related illnesses caused by prolonged exposure to hot temperatures, restricted fluid intake, or failure of temperature regulation mechanisms of the body. Disorders of heat exposure include heat cramps, hea... |
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DefinitionHeat treatments are applications of therapeutic thermal agents to specific body areas experiencing injury or dysfunction.PurposeThe general purpose of a heat treatment is to increase the extensibility of soft tissues, remove toxins from cells, en... |
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HEAVY PERIODS (MENORRHAGIA) - a patient's guide
Dr Andrea Steinberg - Family Doctor
Summary
Most women with regular heavy periods (menstrual... |
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DefinitionHeavy metal poisoning is the toxic accumulation of heavy metals in the soft tissues of the body.DescriptionHeavy metals are chemical elements that have a specific gravity (a measure of density) at least five times that of water. The heavy metals ... |
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DefinitionA heel spur is a bony projection on the sole (plantar) region of the heel bone (also known as the calcaneous). This condition may accompany or result from severe cases of inflammation to the structure called plantar fascia. This associated planta... |
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DefinitionThe Heimlich maneuver is an emergency procedure for removing a foreign object lodged in the airway that is preventing a person from breathing.PurposeEvery year about 3,000 adults die because they accidentally inhale rather than swallow food. The ... |
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HELICOBACTER PYLORI - a patient's guide
Dr Andrea Steinberg - Family Doctor
Overview
Helicobacter pylori infects the human stomach and causes
... |
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DefinitionHelicobacteriosis refers to infection of the gastrointestinal tract with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). While there are other rarer strains of Helicobacter species that can infect humans, only H. pylori has been convincingly shown... |
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DefinitionThe hematocrit measures how much space in the blood is occupied by red blood cells. It is useful when evaluating a person for anemia.PurposeBlood is made up of red and white blood cells, and plasma. A decrease in the number or size of red cells a... |
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DefinitionHemochromatosis is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to retain excessive amounts of iron. This iron overload can lead to serious health consequences, most notably cirrhosis of the liver.DescriptionHemochromatosis is also known as i... |
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DefinitionHemoglobin electrophoresis (also called Hgb electrophoresis), is a test that measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. The method used is called electrophoresis, a process that causes movement of particles in an electric field, res... |
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DefinitionHemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. A hemoglobin test reveals how much hemoglobin is in a person's blood, helping to diagnose and monitor anemia and polycythemia vera.PurposeA hemoglobin test is... |
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DefinitionHemoglobinopathies are genetic (inherited) disorders of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein of the red blood cells.DescriptionThe hemoglobin molecule is composed of four separate polypeptide chains of amino acids, two alpha chains and two bet... |
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DefinitionRed blood cells have a normal life span of approximately 90-120 days, at which time the old cells are destroyed and replaced by the body's natural processes. Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. T... |
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DefinitionHemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that affects mostly children under the age of 10, but also may affect the elderly as well as persons with other illnesses. HUS, which most commonly develops after a severe bowel infection with c... |
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DefinitionHemophilia is a genetic disorder-usually inherited-of the mechanism of blood clotting. Depending on the degree of the disorder present in an individual, excess bleeding may occur only after specific, predictable events (such as surgery, dental pr... |
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DefinitionHemophilus infections, most of which are due to Haemophilus influenzae infections, are a group of contagious diseases that are caused by a gram-negative bacterium, and affect only humans. Some hemophilus infections are potentially fatal.Descripti... |
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DefinitionHemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or airway. It may be either self-limiting or recurrent. Massive hemoptysis is defined as 200-600 mL of blood coughed up within a period of 24 hours or less.DescriptionHemoptys... |
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DefinitionHemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses that exist throughout the world. However, they are most common in tropical areas. Early symptoms, such as muscle aches and fever, can progress to a mild illness or to a more debilitating, potentially fatal... |
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DefinitionHemorrhoids are enlarged veins in the anus or lower rectum. They often go unnoticed and usually clear up after a few days, but can cause long-lasting discomfort, bleeding and be excruciatingly painful. Effective medical treatments are available, ... |
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HEPATITIS A - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Hepatitis A is an infectious liver disease
Travellers, children and homosexual men ar... |
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HEPATITIS B - a patient's guide
Dr Dion Martley - Family Doctor
Overview
Hepatitis B is a caused by a virus that causes inflammation
... |
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HEPATITIS B VACCINE - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
The hepatitis B vaccine protects against hepatitis B
The hep B vaccine is pre... |
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HEPATITIS C - a patient's guide
Dr Dion Martley - Family Doctor
Overview
Hepatitis C is a serious liver infection caused by a virus
... |
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DefinitionHepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus, the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It varies in severity, running an acute course, generally starting within two to six weeks after contact with the virus, and lasting no longer than two or... |
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DefinitionHepatitis C is a form of liver inflammation that causes primarily a long-lasting (chronic) disease. Acute (newly developed) hepatitis C is rarely observed as the early disease is generally quite mild. Spread mainly by contact with infected blood,... |
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DefinitionHepatitis D (or delta, the Greek letter "D"), is a form of liver inflammation that occurs only in patients who also are infected by the hepatitis B virus. Infection by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) either occurs at the same time as hepatitis B ... |
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DefinitionThe hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of hepatitis that is transmitted via the intestinal tract, and is not caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread most often by contaminated drinking water, HEV infection occurs mainly in developing count... |
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DefinitionHepatitis G is a newly discovered form of liver inflammation caused by hepatitis G virus (HGV), a distant relative of the hepatitis C virus.DescriptionHGV, also called hepatitis GB virus, was first described early in 1996. Little is known about t... |
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DefinitionViral hepatitis is any type of liver inflammation caused by a viral infection. The three most common viruses now recognized to cause liver disease are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis non-A, non-B (also called hepatitis C). Several other t... |
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DefinitionAlcoholic hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by alcohol.DescriptionIrritation, be it from toxins or infections, causes a similar response in body organs. The response is known as inflammation and consists of:an increase in the blood... |
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DefinitionA form of liver inflammation in which the body's immune system attacks liver cells.DescriptionAutoimmunity causes the body's defense mechanisms to turn against itself. Many of the tissues in the body can be the target of such an attack. While one... |
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DefinitionInflammation of the liver due to an adverse reaction with a drug.DescriptionThe liver is a very important organ to the body. It is a large internal organ weighing more than three pounds in the average adult. It performs over 100 functions includi... |
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HERBAL REMEDIES UNDER INVESTIGATION
Editorial Team
Four popular herbal remedies are to undergo safety checks
due to concerns they may contain cancer-causing prope... |
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HERCEPTIN
What is Herceptin?
Herceptin (Trastuzumab) is one of a new group of cancer drugs called
monoclonal antibodies.
It is mainly used to treat women with advanced breast cancer.
It has recently gained approval fo... |
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DefinitionHereditary fructose intolerance is an inherited condition where the body does not produce the chemical needed to break down fructose (fruit sugar).DescriptionFructose is a sugar found naturally in fruits, vegetables, honey, and table sugar. Fruct... |
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DefinitionHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is an inherited condition characterized by abnormal blood vessels which are delicate and prone to bleeding. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is also known as Rendu-Osler-Weber disease.DescriptionThe term... |
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LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR - a patient's guide
Mr Andrew Bowker - Laparoscopic Surgeon
What is a hernia?
A hernia occurs when part of the abdominal contents, contain... |
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DefinitionHernia is a general term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it.DescriptionThere are many different types of hernias. The most familiar type are those that occur in the abdomen,... |
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DefinitionHernia repair is a surgical procedure to return an organ that protrudes through a weak area of muscle to its original position.PurposeHernias occur when a weakness in the wall of the abdomen allows an organ, usually the intestines, to bulge out o... |
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DefinitionDisk herniation is a rupture of fibrocartilagenous material (annulus fibrosis) that surrounds the intervertebral disk. This rupture involves the release of the disk's center portion containing a gelatinous substance called the nucleus pulposus. P... |
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GENITAL HERPES - a patient's guide
Ms Claire Hurst - New Zealand Herpes Foundation
Overview
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease
I... |
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COLD SORES - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Cold Sores (Oral Herpes) Overview:
Cold sores are caused by a form of herpes virus (type 1).
They form small blisters on the lips, mainly ... |
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DefinitionHiccups are the result of an involuntary, spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by the closing of the throat.DescriptionHiccups are one of the most common, but thankfully mildest, disorders to which humans are prey. Virtually everyone e... |
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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION) - a patient's guide
Dr Dion Martley - Family Doctor
Overview
Hypertension is a major risk factor for strok... |
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DefinitionA high risk pregnancy is one in which some condition puts the mother, the developing fetus, or both at higher-than-normal risk for complications during or after the pregnancy and birth.DescriptionA pregnancy can be considered a high-risk pregnanc... |
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HIRSUTISM (EXCESS BODY HAIR) - a patient's guide
Dr Colin Feek - Endocrinologist
What is hirsutism?
Hirsutism in women is the growth of hair ... |
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DefinitionExcessive growth of facial or body hair in women is called hirsutism.DescriptionHirsutism is not a disease. The condition usually develops during puberty and becomes more pronounced as the years go by. However, an inherited tendency, over-product... |
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DefinitionHistiocytosis X is a generic term that refers to an increase in the number of histiocytes, a type of white blood cell, that act as scavengers to remove foreign material from the blood and tissues. Since recent research demonstrated Langerhan cell... |
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DefinitionHistoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by inhaling the microscopic spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The disease exists in three forms. Acute or primary histoplasmosis causes flu-like symptoms. Most people who are infected reco... |
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HIV AND AIDS - a patient's guide
Dr Brian King - Family Doctor
What is HIV and AIDS?
HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus - the name of the vir... |
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HIV PREVENTION - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
The HIV virus is spread in sexual fluids, saliva and blood
contact.
... |
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ANTIRETROVIRAL
THERAPY FOR HIV AND AIDS
- a patient's guide
Dr Richard Meech - Infectious Disease Physician
... |
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HIVES AND URTICARIA - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Hives are also known as urticaria
They affect one in four people at some time... |
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DefinitionHives is an allergic skin reaction causing localized redness, swelling, and itching.DescriptionHives is a reaction of the body's immune system that causes areas of the skin to swell, itch, and become reddened (wheals). When the reaction is limite... |
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HODGKIN'S DISEASE - a patient's guide
Dr David Porter - Medical Oncologist, Auckland Hospital
Overview
Hodgkin's Disease (also called Hodgkin... |
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DefinitionHolter monitoring is continuous monitoring of the electrical activity of a patient's heart muscle (electrocardiography) for 24 hours, using a special portable device called a Holter monitor. Patients wear the Holter monitor while carrying out the... |
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DefinitionThe Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) is a projective personality assessment test for persons ages five and up.PurposeThe HIT is used to assess the personality structure of a test subject. It is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool in assessing sch... |
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HOMEOPATHY - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Homeopathy uses the technique of curing people with a
small dose of what they've alre... |
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HOMOCYSTEINE AND VASCULAR DISEASE - a patient's guide
Dr Michael Crooke - Biochemistry Pathologist
What is Homocysteine?
Homocysteine is an a... |
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DefinitionHookworm disease is an illness caused by one of two types of S-shaped worms that infect the intestine of humans (the worm's host).DescriptionTwo types of hookworm are responsible for hookworm disease in humans. Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ... |
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HOUSEDUST MITE ALLERGY - a patient's guide
Dr Vincent Crump - Allergy Specialist
What is an allergy to housedust mites?
The housedust mite is the most common allerge... |
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HOUSE DUST MITE GUARDS - a patient's guide
Richard Thoroughgood - Allergen Control Services
What are house dust mites?
The House Dust Mite is about 0.3mm in le... |
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HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY - a patient's guide
Editorial Team
Overview
Hormone
replacement therapy (HRT) replaces oestrogen lost after menopause. It
effectively treats symptoms of menopause like hot fl... |
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GENITAL WARTS (HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS) - a patient's
guide
Dr Dion Martley - Family Doctor
Overview
Genital warts are caused by the human papi... |
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DefinitionHuman bite infections are potentially serious infections caused by rapid growth of bacteria in broken skin.DescriptionBites--animal and human--are responsible for about 1% of visits to emergency rooms. Bite injuries are more common during the sum... |
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DefinitionThe most common test of pregnancy involves the detection of a hormone known as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a sample of blood or urine.PurposeTo determine whether or not a woman is pregnant.DescriptionShortly after a woman's egg is ferti... |
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DefinitionThe human leukocyte antigen test, also known as HLA, is a test that detects antigens (genetic markers) on white blood cells. There are four types of human leukocyte antigens: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-D.PurposeThe HLA test is used to provide e... |
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DefinitionHuntington disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease causing uncontrolled physical movements and mental deterioration. The disease was discovered by George Huntington of Pomeroy, Ohio, who first described a hereditary movement disorder.... |
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DefinitionA hydatidiform mole is a relatively rare condition in which tissue around a fertilized egg that normally would have developed into the placenta instead develops as an abnormal cluster of cells. (This is also called a molar pregnancy.) This grapel... |
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DefinitionHydrocelectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a hydrocele. A hydrocele is collected fluid in the membrane surrounding the testes.PurposeHydrocelectomy is performed to relieve the pain or reoccurrence of a hydrocele. Normally, hydroceles are no... |
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HYDROCEPHALUS IN CHILDHOOD- a patient's guide
Dr Abhaya Kulkarni - Neuorosurgeon
Overview
Hydrocephalus is a disorder in which an excess amount
... |
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DefinitionHydrocephalus is an abnormal expansion of cavities (ventricles) within the brain that is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Hydrocephalus comes from two Greek words: hydros means water and cephalus means head.There are two main va... |
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DefinitionHydronephrosis is the swelling of the kidneys when urine flow is obstructed in any of part of the urinary tract. Swelling of the ureter, which always accompanies hydronephrosis, is called hydroureter. Hydronephrosis implies that a ureter and the ... |
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DefinitionHyperaldosteronism is a disorder which is defined by the body's overproduction of aldosterone, a hormone that controls sodium and potassium levels in the blood. Its overproduction leads to retention of salt and loss of potassium, which leads to h... |
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