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A biopsy is a diagnostic test in which a small sample of tissue is
removed and then examined under a microscope. This test is used to diagnose
cancer as well as to determine if existing cancer has spread to the surrounding
tissue. When a biopsy is needed, it is
usually obtained as part of a sigmoidoscopy of the rectum or a colonoscopy of
the colon.
Preparation for a biopsy of the rectum or colon follows the same steps.
First, the rectum or colon will need to be thoroughly cleansed through a special diet in the days preceding the test or
with laxatives or an enema.
On the day of the test, before the biopsy is performed, the doctor performs a
digital rectal exam (an exam in which the doctor inserts his or her
lubricated, gloved finger into to the rectum). This is done to ensure there is
no blockage in the rectum or colon so that the sigmoidoscope or colonoscope can
be inserted. If all is okay, a lubricated sigmoidoscope or colonoscope is then inserted.
It is normal to feel some pressure or cramping as either of these instruments
are inserted.
An anesthetic is then applied to the area from which the
sample will be taken. A variety of instruments and methods can be used to take
the sample, including biopsy forceps, a cytology brush, a culture swab, or a
suction catheter. Once a sample has been taken, the scope is slowly
removed.
The after effects of a biopsy are generally mild. Slight discomfort and light
bleeding are to be expected. However, infections and injuries to the colon or
rectum do occasionally occur. If you experience severe pain, heavy
bleeding (greater than a teaspoon at a time), fever or chills, contact your doctor's
office as soon as possible.
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